Allergic Rhinitis and Its Causes
Alexander Chong asked:
Allergic rhinitis is an atopic disease, which is inherited from the parent. If both your parents have allergic rhinitis or other respiratory diseases such as asthma, tuberculosis, and emphysema, the probability that you have these kinds of respiratory diseases is 50%. If one of your parents has respiratory diseases, the probability that you inherit their diseases is 25%. If both of your parents do not have any respiratory diseases, your chances to have respiratory diseases are no more than 12.5%. Sometimes, what has happened during pregnancy can cause allergic rhinitis to the newly born baby. The immunological status of the mother during pregnancy may cause the newly born baby has allergic rhinitis. Pregnant mothers who are smoking, drinking coffee and alcohol usually have poor immunological status, which can also cause newly born infant has allergic rhinitis or other respiratory diseases. This is because all these acts can cause high IgE antibody level in umbilical blood. Apart that, using bottle-feeding to feed milk to infant, early introduction of several kinds of food and early exposure to certain allergens and pollutants can cause nasal allergy to the newly born infant.
Allergic rhinitis symptoms change with age. At the earlier stage, children are mostly sensitive to seasonal allergens. After they have grown older, they usually become sensitive to perennial allergens. Therefore, after they have got over the symptom that is caused by seasonal allergens, they may still keep on the symptoms due to the perennial allergens. When the children grow older, they may have higher risk to have bronchial hyperreactivity and asthma. 17 to 19% of them will have asthma after grow up. To protect them from getting asthma, perennial immunotherapy should be used at the early stage. Moreover, the risk of getting asthma does not depend to age when the allergic rhinitis started, family history of atopic disease, sex, severity of symptoms at the starting period and treatment.
Allergic rhinitis started when the atopic individual meets the antigens that are able to stimulate the IgE response. So, what are substances that can act as allergens? Allergens usually are airborne particles, which have molecular weight ranging from 30 to 40,000 daltons and also with diameter ranging from 2 to 60 µm. Most of them have diameter more than 15 µm, which can deposit onto the nasal, pharyngeal and ocular surface. Chemically, these particles are proteins, which link to some small unit of carbohydrate. Particles that have these kinds of characters are pollen, acarids, animal dandruff and fungi.
Pollens that are released from grams, weeds and trees during breeding season usually cause seasonal allergic rhinitis. Only light pollens that can be pollinated by wind can exist in air and cause a high natural exposure to the allergic rhinitis patient. The seriousness depends to the concentration of the pollens in the atmosphere. Individual with allergic rhinitis who lives in suburban area will be seriously affected by these seasonal pollens compared to the one who lives in city. Surrounding temperature also gives an impact to the pollens concentration in air. Usually, in warmer environment, plants release more pollens compared to cold environment. Most of the plants breed in late spring and summer that is the warmest season. Windy weather will cause the pollens scatter around in air and this will cause the most exposure to the allergic rhinitis patient. The better day is rainy day. Rain water can wash all the pollens in air and bring them down to the ground. Surrounding air becomes fresher and cleaner after raining.
The main culprit of the perennial nasal allergy is house-dust mites. The acarids that are commonly found in the house dust are Dermatophagoides pteronyssimus and farinae, Euroglyphus maynei and Blomia tropicalis. Substances that are directly responsible to the nasal allergy from these dust mites are their body and metabolic products. Usually, mites grow rapidly in damp and warm climate. Therefore, sensitization to acarids depends to where you are actually living. Nasal allergy for patients who live in tropical and equatorial regions have higher possibility causes by acarids because these regions climate is promote mites growth. House-dust mites grow at maximized concentration when surrounding humidity level is between 70 to 80 % and with the presence of high temperature. Nasal allergy symptoms will develop when the level of dust mite concentration reaches 2 µg/g in air. Conversely, in high mountains with dry and cold climate have lowest level of dust mites because this climate prevents the mite growth. Animals also are the other source of aeroallergens. These aeroallergens are present in the animal’s saliva, feces, urine and dandruff. Therefore, nasal allergy can be caused by domestic animals such as cat and dog and also wild rats and mice.
Air pollutants enhance the sensitization of the nasal allergy by the allergens. Air pollutants can be divided to two groups that are outdoor pollutants, which are released from industrial works, automobile exhaust and domestic heating, and indoor pollutants such as tobacco smoke, furnishings, wood and coal burning and heater. Chemically, air pollutants consist of oxides of nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide and black smoke. How actually air pollutants enhance sensitization of nasal allergy is not completely clear. This may be due to air pollutants easily irritate the respiratory mucosa and make it prone to allergic sensitization. Air pollutants have negative impact to the nasal epithelium and ciliary beat, which are responsible to the clearance of allergens. Furthermore, some pollutants can enhance the releasing of the mediators that induce inflammation such as histamine, prostaglandins and leukotriene C-4.
Apart from that, some pollutants also can stimulate synthesis of the IgE antibody directly. When allergen binds two IgE molecules together on the mast and basophil cells surface, primary chemical mediator; histamine, will be released and it will cause nasal allergy. Therefore, we can affirm that allergens can easily enter into our blood stream through our nasal mucosal membrane if we have chronic inflammation, not enough IgA antibody, impaired ciliary beat and also with air pollutants around us. IgA antibody is very important to our body because it prevents allergens from penetrating through our nasal mucosal layer. Monounsaturated oleic acids, which can be found in cold-pressed extra virgin olive and coconut oil, hazelnut or filbert oil (or the whole nuts), green and ripe olives, and almonds can increase IgA antibody in our body. Besides oleic acids, vitamin A also can increase IgA antibody, which can be found in cod liver oil, pumpkin, cooked carrots, sweet potatoes/yams, squash and other yellow or orange vegetable.
References:
Passàli D, Mosges R. Consensus Conference of Allergic Rhinitis in Childhood. Allergy 1999;54 (Suppl 55):5–27.
Linna O, Kokkonen J, Lukin M. A 10-year prognosis for childhood allergic rhinitis. Acta Paediatr 1992;81:100–2.
Braham SS, Barrows AA, Decotiis BA, Settipane GA, Corrao WM. Airway hyperresonsiveness in allergic rhinitis. A risk factor for asthma. Chest 1987;01:671–4.
Pedvis S, Fox ZR, Bacal HL. Long-term follow-up of ragweed hay fever in children. Ann Allergy 1962;20:
569–77.
Ausdenmoore RW. Allergeni aerei e fattori ambientali. In Lawlor GJJr, Fisher TJ editors. Manuale di Immunolgia
e allergologia. Milano, Libreria Editrice Internazionale, 1990:50–62.
Taudorf E, Moseholm L. Pollen count, symptom and medicine score in birch pollinosis. A mathematical approach. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1988;86:225–33.
Krishna MT, Mudway IM, Kelly FJ, Frew AJ, Holgate ST. Ozone, airways and allergic airways disease. Clin Exp Allergy 1995;25:1150–8.
Konlee, Mark. “A Consumer’s Guide to Immune Restoration: The Search for ‘Th1′.” Positive Health News. Report No. 18. Spring 1999.
Allergic rhinitis is an atopic disease, which is inherited from the parent. If both your parents have allergic rhinitis or other respiratory diseases such as asthma, tuberculosis, and emphysema, the probability that you have these kinds of respiratory diseases is 50%. If one of your parents has respiratory diseases, the probability that you inherit their diseases is 25%. If both of your parents do not have any respiratory diseases, your chances to have respiratory diseases are no more than 12.5%. Sometimes, what has happened during pregnancy can cause allergic rhinitis to the newly born baby. The immunological status of the mother during pregnancy may cause the newly born baby has allergic rhinitis. Pregnant mothers who are smoking, drinking coffee and alcohol usually have poor immunological status, which can also cause newly born infant has allergic rhinitis or other respiratory diseases. This is because all these acts can cause high IgE antibody level in umbilical blood. Apart that, using bottle-feeding to feed milk to infant, early introduction of several kinds of food and early exposure to certain allergens and pollutants can cause nasal allergy to the newly born infant.
Allergic rhinitis symptoms change with age. At the earlier stage, children are mostly sensitive to seasonal allergens. After they have grown older, they usually become sensitive to perennial allergens. Therefore, after they have got over the symptom that is caused by seasonal allergens, they may still keep on the symptoms due to the perennial allergens. When the children grow older, they may have higher risk to have bronchial hyperreactivity and asthma. 17 to 19% of them will have asthma after grow up. To protect them from getting asthma, perennial immunotherapy should be used at the early stage. Moreover, the risk of getting asthma does not depend to age when the allergic rhinitis started, family history of atopic disease, sex, severity of symptoms at the starting period and treatment.
Allergic rhinitis started when the atopic individual meets the antigens that are able to stimulate the IgE response. So, what are substances that can act as allergens? Allergens usually are airborne particles, which have molecular weight ranging from 30 to 40,000 daltons and also with diameter ranging from 2 to 60 µm. Most of them have diameter more than 15 µm, which can deposit onto the nasal, pharyngeal and ocular surface. Chemically, these particles are proteins, which link to some small unit of carbohydrate. Particles that have these kinds of characters are pollen, acarids, animal dandruff and fungi.
Pollens that are released from grams, weeds and trees during breeding season usually cause seasonal allergic rhinitis. Only light pollens that can be pollinated by wind can exist in air and cause a high natural exposure to the allergic rhinitis patient. The seriousness depends to the concentration of the pollens in the atmosphere. Individual with allergic rhinitis who lives in suburban area will be seriously affected by these seasonal pollens compared to the one who lives in city. Surrounding temperature also gives an impact to the pollens concentration in air. Usually, in warmer environment, plants release more pollens compared to cold environment. Most of the plants breed in late spring and summer that is the warmest season. Windy weather will cause the pollens scatter around in air and this will cause the most exposure to the allergic rhinitis patient. The better day is rainy day. Rain water can wash all the pollens in air and bring them down to the ground. Surrounding air becomes fresher and cleaner after raining.
The main culprit of the perennial nasal allergy is house-dust mites. The acarids that are commonly found in the house dust are Dermatophagoides pteronyssimus and farinae, Euroglyphus maynei and Blomia tropicalis. Substances that are directly responsible to the nasal allergy from these dust mites are their body and metabolic products. Usually, mites grow rapidly in damp and warm climate. Therefore, sensitization to acarids depends to where you are actually living. Nasal allergy for patients who live in tropical and equatorial regions have higher possibility causes by acarids because these regions climate is promote mites growth. House-dust mites grow at maximized concentration when surrounding humidity level is between 70 to 80 % and with the presence of high temperature. Nasal allergy symptoms will develop when the level of dust mite concentration reaches 2 µg/g in air. Conversely, in high mountains with dry and cold climate have lowest level of dust mites because this climate prevents the mite growth. Animals also are the other source of aeroallergens. These aeroallergens are present in the animal’s saliva, feces, urine and dandruff. Therefore, nasal allergy can be caused by domestic animals such as cat and dog and also wild rats and mice.
Air pollutants enhance the sensitization of the nasal allergy by the allergens. Air pollutants can be divided to two groups that are outdoor pollutants, which are released from industrial works, automobile exhaust and domestic heating, and indoor pollutants such as tobacco smoke, furnishings, wood and coal burning and heater. Chemically, air pollutants consist of oxides of nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide and black smoke. How actually air pollutants enhance sensitization of nasal allergy is not completely clear. This may be due to air pollutants easily irritate the respiratory mucosa and make it prone to allergic sensitization. Air pollutants have negative impact to the nasal epithelium and ciliary beat, which are responsible to the clearance of allergens. Furthermore, some pollutants can enhance the releasing of the mediators that induce inflammation such as histamine, prostaglandins and leukotriene C-4.
Apart from that, some pollutants also can stimulate synthesis of the IgE antibody directly. When allergen binds two IgE molecules together on the mast and basophil cells surface, primary chemical mediator; histamine, will be released and it will cause nasal allergy. Therefore, we can affirm that allergens can easily enter into our blood stream through our nasal mucosal membrane if we have chronic inflammation, not enough IgA antibody, impaired ciliary beat and also with air pollutants around us. IgA antibody is very important to our body because it prevents allergens from penetrating through our nasal mucosal layer. Monounsaturated oleic acids, which can be found in cold-pressed extra virgin olive and coconut oil, hazelnut or filbert oil (or the whole nuts), green and ripe olives, and almonds can increase IgA antibody in our body. Besides oleic acids, vitamin A also can increase IgA antibody, which can be found in cod liver oil, pumpkin, cooked carrots, sweet potatoes/yams, squash and other yellow or orange vegetable.
References:
Passàli D, Mosges R. Consensus Conference of Allergic Rhinitis in Childhood. Allergy 1999;54 (Suppl 55):5–27.
Linna O, Kokkonen J, Lukin M. A 10-year prognosis for childhood allergic rhinitis. Acta Paediatr 1992;81:100–2.
Braham SS, Barrows AA, Decotiis BA, Settipane GA, Corrao WM. Airway hyperresonsiveness in allergic rhinitis. A risk factor for asthma. Chest 1987;01:671–4.
Pedvis S, Fox ZR, Bacal HL. Long-term follow-up of ragweed hay fever in children. Ann Allergy 1962;20:
569–77.
Ausdenmoore RW. Allergeni aerei e fattori ambientali. In Lawlor GJJr, Fisher TJ editors. Manuale di Immunolgia
e allergologia. Milano, Libreria Editrice Internazionale, 1990:50–62.
Taudorf E, Moseholm L. Pollen count, symptom and medicine score in birch pollinosis. A mathematical approach. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1988;86:225–33.
Krishna MT, Mudway IM, Kelly FJ, Frew AJ, Holgate ST. Ozone, airways and allergic airways disease. Clin Exp Allergy 1995;25:1150–8.
Konlee, Mark. “A Consumer’s Guide to Immune Restoration: The Search for ‘Th1′.” Positive Health News. Report No. 18. Spring 1999.
Signs and Symptoms of Asthma
Navneet Brar asked:
Getting desperate to breathe in the real sense?
Want to eat all that you crave for?
Want to do anything to get rid of a handicap-like inhalers and medicines?
Do not worry!
Here is a complete guide to free you from this trap FOREVER!
But first of all, let’s join to gather the needed information about your problem Asthma!
Asthma is a chronic condition in which narrowing of the nasal or air passage causes periodic attacks of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. These changes occur with the changes in the environment, including weather, allergens (such as dog or cat dander or dust), foods, or respiratory infections (flu, colds).
Asthma is also popularly known as Bronchial asthma, Exercise induced asthma – bronchial.
Causes of Asthma:
1. Inhaled allergens like pet dander, dust mites, cockroach allergens, molds, or pollens
2. Respiratory infections
3. Exercise
4. Cold air
5. Tobacco smoke and other pollutants
6. Stress
7. Food
8. Drug allergies
9. Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory medications (NSAIDS)
10. An individual and/or family history of allergies such as Hay Fever (allergic rhinitis) or Eczema
11. strong emotions
Asthma attacks can last from minutes to days and become really dangerous if the flow of the air becomes severely restricted.
Recent researches show that asthma occurs in 3-5% of adults and 7-10% of children. Usually, half of the people with asthma develop this disease before age 10, and the rest before age 30. These symptoms can decrease over time, especially in children.
Asthma Symptoms:
1. Shortness of breath
Your chest feels tight and you start feeling that you can’t catch your breath anymore or get all the air you need.
2. Frequent Coughing
If you cough very frequently every day or if this cough starts interrupting your sleep at night that won’t quit, it could be a symptom of asthma.
3. Wheezing attacks
A whistling sound heard when a person with asthma is breathing. It happens when mucus causes the small passageways in your lungs called alveoli start to narrow. It happens all of a sudden and not constant. It may worsen at bedtime or early morning or by breathing cold air or by exercising.
4. Intercostal Retractions
These retractions stand for the inward movement of the muscles in the spaces between the ribs. The reduced pressure in the chest cavity is the reason for this pulling of the muscles. This is a sign of difficult breathing.
5. Tightness in the Chest
This can be quite threatening to the asthma sufferer. It gives the feeling of a steel band or a weight that is keeping your lungs from fully expanding as your breathe in.
6. Pallor or Cyanosis
Pallor is a whitish color and cyanosis is a bluish color in the lips and face. If either one of these is followed with severe shortness of breath, are danger signs of asthma attack. You need to get help right away if you notice this symptom.
7. Anxiety or Discomfort
A feeling of intense fear and uneasiness occurs when you find it difficult to breathe. If your anxiety is accompanied by short of breath and / or pallor or cyanosis, then undoubtedly, its time to get emergency help.
8. Fast pulse rate
If you find that your pulse is running extremely fast and you are sweating badly, then do not waste even a single moment and visit your doctor.
If you notice any of these symptoms in you or any of your near and dear ones on a regular or ongoing basis, then you might consult a doctor about whether you have asthma. And if already an asthma sufferer then do not waste time and immediately visit your doctor. Your doctor will diagnose your symptoms.
May God bless you!
Getting desperate to breathe in the real sense?
Want to eat all that you crave for?
Want to do anything to get rid of a handicap-like inhalers and medicines?
Do not worry!
Here is a complete guide to free you from this trap FOREVER!
But first of all, let’s join to gather the needed information about your problem Asthma!
Asthma is a chronic condition in which narrowing of the nasal or air passage causes periodic attacks of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. These changes occur with the changes in the environment, including weather, allergens (such as dog or cat dander or dust), foods, or respiratory infections (flu, colds).
Asthma is also popularly known as Bronchial asthma, Exercise induced asthma – bronchial.
Causes of Asthma:
1. Inhaled allergens like pet dander, dust mites, cockroach allergens, molds, or pollens
2. Respiratory infections
3. Exercise
4. Cold air
5. Tobacco smoke and other pollutants
6. Stress
7. Food
8. Drug allergies
9. Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory medications (NSAIDS)
10. An individual and/or family history of allergies such as Hay Fever (allergic rhinitis) or Eczema
11. strong emotions
Asthma attacks can last from minutes to days and become really dangerous if the flow of the air becomes severely restricted.
Recent researches show that asthma occurs in 3-5% of adults and 7-10% of children. Usually, half of the people with asthma develop this disease before age 10, and the rest before age 30. These symptoms can decrease over time, especially in children.
Asthma Symptoms:
1. Shortness of breath
Your chest feels tight and you start feeling that you can’t catch your breath anymore or get all the air you need.
2. Frequent Coughing
If you cough very frequently every day or if this cough starts interrupting your sleep at night that won’t quit, it could be a symptom of asthma.
3. Wheezing attacks
A whistling sound heard when a person with asthma is breathing. It happens when mucus causes the small passageways in your lungs called alveoli start to narrow. It happens all of a sudden and not constant. It may worsen at bedtime or early morning or by breathing cold air or by exercising.
4. Intercostal Retractions
These retractions stand for the inward movement of the muscles in the spaces between the ribs. The reduced pressure in the chest cavity is the reason for this pulling of the muscles. This is a sign of difficult breathing.
5. Tightness in the Chest
This can be quite threatening to the asthma sufferer. It gives the feeling of a steel band or a weight that is keeping your lungs from fully expanding as your breathe in.
6. Pallor or Cyanosis
Pallor is a whitish color and cyanosis is a bluish color in the lips and face. If either one of these is followed with severe shortness of breath, are danger signs of asthma attack. You need to get help right away if you notice this symptom.
7. Anxiety or Discomfort
A feeling of intense fear and uneasiness occurs when you find it difficult to breathe. If your anxiety is accompanied by short of breath and / or pallor or cyanosis, then undoubtedly, its time to get emergency help.
8. Fast pulse rate
If you find that your pulse is running extremely fast and you are sweating badly, then do not waste even a single moment and visit your doctor.
If you notice any of these symptoms in you or any of your near and dear ones on a regular or ongoing basis, then you might consult a doctor about whether you have asthma. And if already an asthma sufferer then do not waste time and immediately visit your doctor. Your doctor will diagnose your symptoms.
May God bless you!
Asthma: Word origin, Causes, Allergic asthma, Non-allergic asthma, Pathogenesis, inflammation of the bronchi, Bronchial hyperreactivity
June 8, 2009 by admin
Filed under Diseases And Conditions
Adithya Adi asked:
Asthma
Bronchial asthma (from Greek, “breath” and often simplistic just asthma), and is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the airways with lasting history of hypersensitivity. In vulnerable individuals, the inflammation leads to paroxysmal dyspnea caused by a narrowing of the airways – a so-called bronchial obstruction (definition of the international consensus report). This airway narrowing is caused by increased secretion of mucus, spasm of the bronchial and formation of edema of the bronchial mucosa, it is reversible by treatment regress) (. A variety of stimuli cause the increase of the sensitivity of the airways (bronchial hyperreactivity or hyperresponsiveness) and the associated inflammation. Five percent of adults and seven to ten percent of children suffering from bronchial asthma.
Word origin
Asthma is a 16th-century since the German detectable borrowing from Greek, asthma, which in turn, even morphologically obscure Indo-European from a root word hma with the meaning “breathe” seems to be derived.
Causes
causes (etiology) of various shapes
They do not distinguish the allergic (extrinsic) asthma from allergic (intrinsic) asthma. In its pure form, but these occur only in about ten percent of the patients in the majority of hybrids are observed. While more common in children allergic asthma occurs between the ages piled on non-allergic form. Cigarette smoke in the parental home favors asthma. There is also evidence that cultural and civilizational factors, such as certain drugs also promote applications in early childhood asthma.
Allergic asthma
Exogenous allergic asthma is triggered when the appropriate genetic predisposition to atopy by external stimuli (allergenic substances in the environment, called allergens). These immunoglobulins are formed of type E (IgE), the effect will interact with specific allergens, the allergy-causing secretion of neurotransmitters such as histamine, leukotrienes and bradykinin from mast cells. These substances will then trigger the airway constriction. In addition to this immediate response of type I after inhalation of the allergen can occur after 6 to 12 hours for a delayed reaction, which is triggered by the type of immunoglobulin G (IgG). Often, both reactions occur.
For a polygenic inheritance system speaks the observation that children of parents who both suffer from allergic asthma, a disease risk of 60-80%. On the island of Tristan da Cunha half the population suffers from asthma due to family inheritance. Hay fever (), seasonal allergic rhinitis, which like asthma is an inflammatory condition due to allergy to the mucosa of the nasopharyngeal area is, can the lower respiratory tract and then spread to asthma (run “Exchange Floor”). Almost one quarter of these patients developed this after more than 10 years, a pollen asthma. In addition, at the beginning usually a specific allergen at the center, over the years, however, it is often used to extend the range trigger so that the allergen avoidance for patients and more difficult or even impossible.
There are indications that rural life to protect unborn children against asthma: children of women who had contact with animals during pregnancy, grain and hay to get in later life, rare allergic respiratory and skin diseases. For some protection against these complaints is an ongoing contact with livestock or grain needed.
Non-allergic asthma
The endogenous non-allergic asthma, however, can be caused by other stimuli, infections, mostly respiratory intolerances, medications – so-called analgesics-asthma (a pseudo-reaction to pain medication, mostly nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin), exposure to poisonous (toxic) or irritating substances (solvents, plasticizers, cold air, food additives, and others), special physical effort and the reflux disease (reflux) are possible causes of stomach acid that form. Some links and other causes have not yet been clarified.
According to a study room sprays and cleaning products for spraying the risk of respiratory symptoms and asthma can increase significantly.
Pathogenesis
For disease development (pathogenesis) three pathophysiologic processes are characteristic:
inflammation of the bronchi
Allergens or other stimuli trigger an inflammatory response of the bronchial mucosa. This has a central role in asthma. In addition to mast cells and their distributed messenger substances (inflammatory mediators, see above) play eosinophils and T lymphocytes have an important role.
Bronchial hyperreactivity
For most asthmatics can demonstrate nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity (general respiratory hypersensitivity to stimuli). The hyper-reactivity can often be objectified by the inhalation of irritating substances, such as ) when Methacholintest, histamine test or stress, such as Rennie (through the effort and the cooling of the bronchial tubes in the race, especially in children, or by cold provocation.
Lack of bronchial Cleaning (clearance)
The obstruction is the relocation of the lumen of the airways (reducing the available cross-section) as a result (of mucosal edema fluid in the mucous membrane), or impaired by increased mucus secretion (Hyperkrinie or Dyskrinie) and bronchospasm (constriction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi) . This is the self of the lung to a halt: The secretions can not drain and strengthens his injury to full relocation.
Asthma
Bronchial asthma (from Greek, “breath” and often simplistic just asthma), and is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the airways with lasting history of hypersensitivity. In vulnerable individuals, the inflammation leads to paroxysmal dyspnea caused by a narrowing of the airways – a so-called bronchial obstruction (definition of the international consensus report). This airway narrowing is caused by increased secretion of mucus, spasm of the bronchial and formation of edema of the bronchial mucosa, it is reversible by treatment regress) (. A variety of stimuli cause the increase of the sensitivity of the airways (bronchial hyperreactivity or hyperresponsiveness) and the associated inflammation. Five percent of adults and seven to ten percent of children suffering from bronchial asthma.
Word origin
Asthma is a 16th-century since the German detectable borrowing from Greek, asthma, which in turn, even morphologically obscure Indo-European from a root word hma with the meaning “breathe” seems to be derived.
Causes
causes (etiology) of various shapes
They do not distinguish the allergic (extrinsic) asthma from allergic (intrinsic) asthma. In its pure form, but these occur only in about ten percent of the patients in the majority of hybrids are observed. While more common in children allergic asthma occurs between the ages piled on non-allergic form. Cigarette smoke in the parental home favors asthma. There is also evidence that cultural and civilizational factors, such as certain drugs also promote applications in early childhood asthma.
Allergic asthma
Exogenous allergic asthma is triggered when the appropriate genetic predisposition to atopy by external stimuli (allergenic substances in the environment, called allergens). These immunoglobulins are formed of type E (IgE), the effect will interact with specific allergens, the allergy-causing secretion of neurotransmitters such as histamine, leukotrienes and bradykinin from mast cells. These substances will then trigger the airway constriction. In addition to this immediate response of type I after inhalation of the allergen can occur after 6 to 12 hours for a delayed reaction, which is triggered by the type of immunoglobulin G (IgG). Often, both reactions occur.
For a polygenic inheritance system speaks the observation that children of parents who both suffer from allergic asthma, a disease risk of 60-80%. On the island of Tristan da Cunha half the population suffers from asthma due to family inheritance. Hay fever (), seasonal allergic rhinitis, which like asthma is an inflammatory condition due to allergy to the mucosa of the nasopharyngeal area is, can the lower respiratory tract and then spread to asthma (run “Exchange Floor”). Almost one quarter of these patients developed this after more than 10 years, a pollen asthma. In addition, at the beginning usually a specific allergen at the center, over the years, however, it is often used to extend the range trigger so that the allergen avoidance for patients and more difficult or even impossible.
There are indications that rural life to protect unborn children against asthma: children of women who had contact with animals during pregnancy, grain and hay to get in later life, rare allergic respiratory and skin diseases. For some protection against these complaints is an ongoing contact with livestock or grain needed.
Non-allergic asthma
The endogenous non-allergic asthma, however, can be caused by other stimuli, infections, mostly respiratory intolerances, medications – so-called analgesics-asthma (a pseudo-reaction to pain medication, mostly nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin), exposure to poisonous (toxic) or irritating substances (solvents, plasticizers, cold air, food additives, and others), special physical effort and the reflux disease (reflux) are possible causes of stomach acid that form. Some links and other causes have not yet been clarified.
According to a study room sprays and cleaning products for spraying the risk of respiratory symptoms and asthma can increase significantly.
Pathogenesis
For disease development (pathogenesis) three pathophysiologic processes are characteristic:
inflammation of the bronchi
Allergens or other stimuli trigger an inflammatory response of the bronchial mucosa. This has a central role in asthma. In addition to mast cells and their distributed messenger substances (inflammatory mediators, see above) play eosinophils and T lymphocytes have an important role.
Bronchial hyperreactivity
For most asthmatics can demonstrate nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity (general respiratory hypersensitivity to stimuli). The hyper-reactivity can often be objectified by the inhalation of irritating substances, such as ) when Methacholintest, histamine test or stress, such as Rennie (through the effort and the cooling of the bronchial tubes in the race, especially in children, or by cold provocation.
Lack of bronchial Cleaning (clearance)
The obstruction is the relocation of the lumen of the airways (reducing the available cross-section) as a result (of mucosal edema fluid in the mucous membrane), or impaired by increased mucus secretion (Hyperkrinie or Dyskrinie) and bronchospasm (constriction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi) . This is the self of the lung to a halt: The secretions can not drain and strengthens his injury to full relocation.
Factors or Conditions That Influence Asthma
Tom alter asked:
Bronchial asthma is a disease that is influenced considerably by several factors. This is a disease which is prevalent all over the world. It is generally seen that the boys of younger age groups have more severe case of the symptoms of the disease than the girls. The factors which have a great effect on the asthmatic conditions are:
Hereditary factors: Genetics seems to play an important role in the asthma patients. The heredity factors of occurrence of disease in one or both the parents and prevalence in the family history have repeatedly been shown to have considerable influence on the occurrence of asthma. It is seen that the rate of occurrence of disease almost doubles if both the parents have asthma. The symptoms also start to manifest at a much earlier stage in life. When the asthma is of extrinsic type, which means that the symptoms appear due to some allergens it may also be seen that the patients develop symptoms not necessarily of asthma but of other diseases as well. These diseases may be of infectious or non-infectious variety. The children of parents having asthma are very prone to other related disorders also.
Infection factors: Certain infections lead to development of symptoms similar to asthma. These are a bad bout of cold and chest congestion or any other kind of bronchial infection. These symptoms develop vigorously in children. The symptoms of wheezing and breathlessness are very predominantly seen. After the infection is suppressed the chest becomes normal again and the child stops showing the symptoms. Infectious and non-infectious diseases like pneumonia, measles, whooping cough, tonsils, and adenoids can show symptoms of asthma in very early stages of life. In the individuals who are prone to allergies symptoms of asthma can develop very quickly as a response to the presence of the allergen. The sensitivity to the allergen can also trigger off an infection. Thus a vicious cycle is formed where one can influence the other and the symptoms manifest rapidly.
The patients of allergic rhinitis (repeated sneezing) and asthma also have excessive secretions from the nose and the lungs. These are fertile feeding and breeding grounds for micro organisms and thus catching further infections also becomes very feasible. This is the reason why the people suffering with rhinitis and asthma are more prone to catching all kinds of bronchial infections. Some of these may lead to conditions of emphysema also in extreme cases. This is also the reason why both the infections as well as the allergy have to be treated side by side to ensure proper recovery. Unless and until this is done complete recovery may not be a possibility at all.
Emotional factors: Sometimes conditions related with excessive manifestation of emotions also trigger off a reaction in the form of symptoms similar to that of asthma. Generally it is also seen that such individuals also have an inclination towards allergies and anxiety related disorders. When the person is inclined towards allergic reactions certain emotionally charged situations just act as a trigger and create mild to severe asthmatic reactions in the body. Similarly if the person is prone towards very sensitive emotional disposition, the fact that the asthmatic reactions make themselves manifest is quite well known. This leads to difficulty in diagnosis and further in treating the symptoms adequately also. For this it is imperative that the doctors identify all the causes and then rule out all the possibilities one by one before coming to final treatment plans. These kind of asthmatic reactions are very prevalent in ladies and children who are subject to extreme emotional conditions like death or accident in the family.
Climatic factors: It is usually seen that the asthmatics get better adjusted to dry climates than the hot and humid ones. This is to say that colder, hilly terrains are much better for the asthmatics rather than the sea coast areas. But there are no rules as such because some people show lesser manifestation of symptoms near the sea coast than in the hilly areas. There are several climatic factors that come into play where asthma is concerned and different people may agree to different situations. Some climatic factors that play an important role are wind, atmospheric pressure and changes in altitude. Heavy winds may induce difficulty in breathing in some people. Also direction of winds may also be a cause of concern. Sudden drop in the atmospheric pressures can lead to severe symptoms of asthma in many patients. This kind of drop is generally seen before a thunderstorm and can cause severe aggravation of the symptoms. Some people develop a distinct lessening of symptoms when they go to places of higher altitudes. This is generally attributed to a change of environment than to any other thing and was the preferred mode of treatment in the yesteryears.
Occupational factors: Generally patients with extrinsic asthma that is due to allergens have more manifestation of symptoms when they are in occupations where they are continuously exposed to allergens like farmers who have pollen allergy can have aggravated symptoms. Workers in a factory area may develop asthma due to the effluents or raw materials. The symptoms shown are quite varied and may take a while to manifest after an initial exposure to the allergens.
Bronchial asthma is a disease that is influenced considerably by several factors. This is a disease which is prevalent all over the world. It is generally seen that the boys of younger age groups have more severe case of the symptoms of the disease than the girls. The factors which have a great effect on the asthmatic conditions are:
Hereditary factors: Genetics seems to play an important role in the asthma patients. The heredity factors of occurrence of disease in one or both the parents and prevalence in the family history have repeatedly been shown to have considerable influence on the occurrence of asthma. It is seen that the rate of occurrence of disease almost doubles if both the parents have asthma. The symptoms also start to manifest at a much earlier stage in life. When the asthma is of extrinsic type, which means that the symptoms appear due to some allergens it may also be seen that the patients develop symptoms not necessarily of asthma but of other diseases as well. These diseases may be of infectious or non-infectious variety. The children of parents having asthma are very prone to other related disorders also.
Infection factors: Certain infections lead to development of symptoms similar to asthma. These are a bad bout of cold and chest congestion or any other kind of bronchial infection. These symptoms develop vigorously in children. The symptoms of wheezing and breathlessness are very predominantly seen. After the infection is suppressed the chest becomes normal again and the child stops showing the symptoms. Infectious and non-infectious diseases like pneumonia, measles, whooping cough, tonsils, and adenoids can show symptoms of asthma in very early stages of life. In the individuals who are prone to allergies symptoms of asthma can develop very quickly as a response to the presence of the allergen. The sensitivity to the allergen can also trigger off an infection. Thus a vicious cycle is formed where one can influence the other and the symptoms manifest rapidly.
The patients of allergic rhinitis (repeated sneezing) and asthma also have excessive secretions from the nose and the lungs. These are fertile feeding and breeding grounds for micro organisms and thus catching further infections also becomes very feasible. This is the reason why the people suffering with rhinitis and asthma are more prone to catching all kinds of bronchial infections. Some of these may lead to conditions of emphysema also in extreme cases. This is also the reason why both the infections as well as the allergy have to be treated side by side to ensure proper recovery. Unless and until this is done complete recovery may not be a possibility at all.
Emotional factors: Sometimes conditions related with excessive manifestation of emotions also trigger off a reaction in the form of symptoms similar to that of asthma. Generally it is also seen that such individuals also have an inclination towards allergies and anxiety related disorders. When the person is inclined towards allergic reactions certain emotionally charged situations just act as a trigger and create mild to severe asthmatic reactions in the body. Similarly if the person is prone towards very sensitive emotional disposition, the fact that the asthmatic reactions make themselves manifest is quite well known. This leads to difficulty in diagnosis and further in treating the symptoms adequately also. For this it is imperative that the doctors identify all the causes and then rule out all the possibilities one by one before coming to final treatment plans. These kind of asthmatic reactions are very prevalent in ladies and children who are subject to extreme emotional conditions like death or accident in the family.
Climatic factors: It is usually seen that the asthmatics get better adjusted to dry climates than the hot and humid ones. This is to say that colder, hilly terrains are much better for the asthmatics rather than the sea coast areas. But there are no rules as such because some people show lesser manifestation of symptoms near the sea coast than in the hilly areas. There are several climatic factors that come into play where asthma is concerned and different people may agree to different situations. Some climatic factors that play an important role are wind, atmospheric pressure and changes in altitude. Heavy winds may induce difficulty in breathing in some people. Also direction of winds may also be a cause of concern. Sudden drop in the atmospheric pressures can lead to severe symptoms of asthma in many patients. This kind of drop is generally seen before a thunderstorm and can cause severe aggravation of the symptoms. Some people develop a distinct lessening of symptoms when they go to places of higher altitudes. This is generally attributed to a change of environment than to any other thing and was the preferred mode of treatment in the yesteryears.
Occupational factors: Generally patients with extrinsic asthma that is due to allergens have more manifestation of symptoms when they are in occupations where they are continuously exposed to allergens like farmers who have pollen allergy can have aggravated symptoms. Workers in a factory area may develop asthma due to the effluents or raw materials. The symptoms shown are quite varied and may take a while to manifest after an initial exposure to the allergens.
Nasal Allergy: Allergic Rhinitis and Its Causes
May 30, 2009 by admin
Filed under Diseases And Conditions
Alexander Chong asked:
Allergic rhinitis is an atopic disease, which is inherited from the parent. If both your parents have allergic rhinitis or other respiratory diseases such as asthma, tuberculosis, and emphysema, the probability that you have these kinds of respiratory diseases is 50%. If one of your parents has respiratory diseases, the probability that you inherit their diseases is 25%. If both of your parents do not have any respiratory diseases, your chances to have respiratory diseases are no more than 12.5%. Sometimes, what has happened during pregnancy can cause allergic rhinitis to the newly born baby. The immunological status of the mother during pregnancy may cause the newly born baby has allergic rhinitis. Pregnant mothers who are smoking, drinking coffee and alcohol usually have poor immunological status, which can also cause newly born infant has allergic rhinitis or other respiratory diseases. This is because all these acts can cause high IgE antibody level in umbilical blood. Apart that, using bottle-feeding to feed milk to infant, early introduction of several kinds of food and early exposure to certain allergens and pollutants can cause nasal allergy to the newly born infant.
Allergic rhinitis symptoms change with age. At the earlier stage, children are mostly sensitive to seasonal allergens. After they have grown older, they usually become sensitive to perennial allergens. Therefore, after they have got over the symptom that is caused by seasonal allergens, they may still keep on the symptoms due to the perennial allergens. When the children’s age is increasing, they may have higher risk to have bronchial hyperreactivity and asthma. 17 to 19% of them will have asthma after grow up. To protect them from getting asthma, perennial immunotherapy should be used at the early stage. Moreover, the risk of getting asthma does not depend to age when the allergic rhinitis started, family history of atopic disease, sex, severity of symptoms at the starting period and treatment.
Allergic rhinitis started when the atopic individual meets the antigens that are able to stimulate the IgE response. So, what are substances that can act as allergens? Allergens usually are airborne particles, which have molecular weight ranging from 30 to 40,000 daltons and also with diameter ranging from 2 to 60 µm. Most of them have diameter more than 15 µm, which can deposit onto the nasal, pharyngeal and ocular surface. Chemically, these particles are proteins, which link to some small unit of carbohydrate. Particles that have these kinds of characters are pollen, acarids, animal dandruff and fungi.
Pollens that are released from grams, weeds and trees during breeding season usually cause seasonal allergic rhinitis. Only light pollens that can be pollinated by wind can exist in air and cause a high natural exposure to the allergic rhinitis patient. The seriousness depends to the concentration of the pollens in the atmosphere. Individual with allergic rhinitis who lives in suburban area will be seriously affected by these seasonal pollens compared to the one who lives in city. Surrounding temperature also gives an impact to the pollens concentration in air. Usually, in warmer environment, plants release more pollens compared to cold environment. Most of the plants breed in late spring and summer that is the warmest season. Windy weather will cause the pollens scatter around in air and this will cause the most exposure to the allergic rhinitis patient. The better day is rainy day. Rain water can wash all the pollens in air and bring them down to the ground. Surrounding air becomes fresher and cleaner after raining.
The main culprit of the perennial nasal allergy is house-dust mites. The acarids that are commonly found in the house dust are Dermatophagoides pteronyssimus and farinae, Euroglyphus maynei and Blomia tropicalis. Substances that are directly responsible to the nasal allergy from these dust mites are their body and metabolic products. Usually, mites grow rapidly in damp and warm climate. Therefore, sensitization to acarids depends to where you are actually living. Nasal allergy for patients who live in tropical and equatorial regions have higher possibility causes by acarids because these regions climate is promote mites growth. House-dust mites grow at maximized concentration when surrounding humidity level is between 70 to 80 % and with the presence of high temperature. Nasal allergy symptoms will develop when the level of dust mite concentration reaches 2 µg/g in air. Conversely, in high mountains with dry and cold climate have lowest level of dust mites because this climate prevents the mite growth. Animals also are the other source of aeroallergens. These aeroallergens are present in the animal’s saliva, feces, urine and dandruff. Therefore, nasal allergy can be caused by domestic animals such as cat and dog and also wild rats and mice.
Air pollutants enhance the sensitization of the nasal allergy by the allergens. Air pollutants can be divided to two groups that are outdoor pollutants, which are released from industrial works, automobile exhaust and domestic heating, and indoor pollutants such as tobacco smoke, furnishings, wood and coal burning and heater. Chemically, air pollutants consist of oxides of nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide and black smoke. How actually air pollutants enhance sensitization of nasal allergy is not completely clear. This may be due to air pollutants easily irritate the respiratory mucosa and make it prone to allergic sensitization. Air pollutants have negative impact to the nasal epithelium and ciliary beat, which are responsible to the clearance of allergens. Furthermore, some pollutants can enhance the releasing of the mediators that induce inflammation such as histamine, prostaglandins and leukotriene C-4.
Apart from that, some pollutants also can stimulate synthesis of the IgE antibody directly. When allergen binds two IgE molecules together on the mast and basophil cells surface, primary chemical mediator; histamine, will be released and it will cause nasal allergy. Therefore, we can affirm that allergens can easily enter into our blood stream through our nasal mucosal membrane if we have chronic inflammation, not enough IgA antibody, impaired ciliary beat and also with air pollutants around us. IgA antibody is very important to our body because it prevents allergens from penetrating through our nasal mucosal layer. Monounsaturated oleic acids, which can be found in cold-pressed extra virgin olive oil, hazelnut or filbert oil (or the whole nuts), green and ripe olives, and almonds can increase IgA antibody in our body. Besides oleic acids, vitamin A also can increase IgA antibody, which can be found in cod liver oil, pumpkin, cooked carrots, sweet potatoes/yams, squash and other yellow or orange vegetable.
Allergic rhinitis is an atopic disease, which is inherited from the parent. If both your parents have allergic rhinitis or other respiratory diseases such as asthma, tuberculosis, and emphysema, the probability that you have these kinds of respiratory diseases is 50%. If one of your parents has respiratory diseases, the probability that you inherit their diseases is 25%. If both of your parents do not have any respiratory diseases, your chances to have respiratory diseases are no more than 12.5%. Sometimes, what has happened during pregnancy can cause allergic rhinitis to the newly born baby. The immunological status of the mother during pregnancy may cause the newly born baby has allergic rhinitis. Pregnant mothers who are smoking, drinking coffee and alcohol usually have poor immunological status, which can also cause newly born infant has allergic rhinitis or other respiratory diseases. This is because all these acts can cause high IgE antibody level in umbilical blood. Apart that, using bottle-feeding to feed milk to infant, early introduction of several kinds of food and early exposure to certain allergens and pollutants can cause nasal allergy to the newly born infant.
Allergic rhinitis symptoms change with age. At the earlier stage, children are mostly sensitive to seasonal allergens. After they have grown older, they usually become sensitive to perennial allergens. Therefore, after they have got over the symptom that is caused by seasonal allergens, they may still keep on the symptoms due to the perennial allergens. When the children’s age is increasing, they may have higher risk to have bronchial hyperreactivity and asthma. 17 to 19% of them will have asthma after grow up. To protect them from getting asthma, perennial immunotherapy should be used at the early stage. Moreover, the risk of getting asthma does not depend to age when the allergic rhinitis started, family history of atopic disease, sex, severity of symptoms at the starting period and treatment.
Allergic rhinitis started when the atopic individual meets the antigens that are able to stimulate the IgE response. So, what are substances that can act as allergens? Allergens usually are airborne particles, which have molecular weight ranging from 30 to 40,000 daltons and also with diameter ranging from 2 to 60 µm. Most of them have diameter more than 15 µm, which can deposit onto the nasal, pharyngeal and ocular surface. Chemically, these particles are proteins, which link to some small unit of carbohydrate. Particles that have these kinds of characters are pollen, acarids, animal dandruff and fungi.
Pollens that are released from grams, weeds and trees during breeding season usually cause seasonal allergic rhinitis. Only light pollens that can be pollinated by wind can exist in air and cause a high natural exposure to the allergic rhinitis patient. The seriousness depends to the concentration of the pollens in the atmosphere. Individual with allergic rhinitis who lives in suburban area will be seriously affected by these seasonal pollens compared to the one who lives in city. Surrounding temperature also gives an impact to the pollens concentration in air. Usually, in warmer environment, plants release more pollens compared to cold environment. Most of the plants breed in late spring and summer that is the warmest season. Windy weather will cause the pollens scatter around in air and this will cause the most exposure to the allergic rhinitis patient. The better day is rainy day. Rain water can wash all the pollens in air and bring them down to the ground. Surrounding air becomes fresher and cleaner after raining.
The main culprit of the perennial nasal allergy is house-dust mites. The acarids that are commonly found in the house dust are Dermatophagoides pteronyssimus and farinae, Euroglyphus maynei and Blomia tropicalis. Substances that are directly responsible to the nasal allergy from these dust mites are their body and metabolic products. Usually, mites grow rapidly in damp and warm climate. Therefore, sensitization to acarids depends to where you are actually living. Nasal allergy for patients who live in tropical and equatorial regions have higher possibility causes by acarids because these regions climate is promote mites growth. House-dust mites grow at maximized concentration when surrounding humidity level is between 70 to 80 % and with the presence of high temperature. Nasal allergy symptoms will develop when the level of dust mite concentration reaches 2 µg/g in air. Conversely, in high mountains with dry and cold climate have lowest level of dust mites because this climate prevents the mite growth. Animals also are the other source of aeroallergens. These aeroallergens are present in the animal’s saliva, feces, urine and dandruff. Therefore, nasal allergy can be caused by domestic animals such as cat and dog and also wild rats and mice.
Air pollutants enhance the sensitization of the nasal allergy by the allergens. Air pollutants can be divided to two groups that are outdoor pollutants, which are released from industrial works, automobile exhaust and domestic heating, and indoor pollutants such as tobacco smoke, furnishings, wood and coal burning and heater. Chemically, air pollutants consist of oxides of nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide and black smoke. How actually air pollutants enhance sensitization of nasal allergy is not completely clear. This may be due to air pollutants easily irritate the respiratory mucosa and make it prone to allergic sensitization. Air pollutants have negative impact to the nasal epithelium and ciliary beat, which are responsible to the clearance of allergens. Furthermore, some pollutants can enhance the releasing of the mediators that induce inflammation such as histamine, prostaglandins and leukotriene C-4.
Apart from that, some pollutants also can stimulate synthesis of the IgE antibody directly. When allergen binds two IgE molecules together on the mast and basophil cells surface, primary chemical mediator; histamine, will be released and it will cause nasal allergy. Therefore, we can affirm that allergens can easily enter into our blood stream through our nasal mucosal membrane if we have chronic inflammation, not enough IgA antibody, impaired ciliary beat and also with air pollutants around us. IgA antibody is very important to our body because it prevents allergens from penetrating through our nasal mucosal layer. Monounsaturated oleic acids, which can be found in cold-pressed extra virgin olive oil, hazelnut or filbert oil (or the whole nuts), green and ripe olives, and almonds can increase IgA antibody in our body. Besides oleic acids, vitamin A also can increase IgA antibody, which can be found in cod liver oil, pumpkin, cooked carrots, sweet potatoes/yams, squash and other yellow or orange vegetable.
